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The Negro Family: the Case for National Action

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The Negro Family: The Case For National Activeness , commonly known as the Moynihan Report, was a 1965 report on black poverty in the Usa written by Daniel Patrick Moynihan, an American sociologist serving as Assistant Secretary of Labor nether President Lyndon B. Johnson and later to become a US Senator. Moynihan argued that the rise in black unmarried-female parent families was acquired not by a lack of jobs, simply by a subversive vein in ghetto civilization, which could be traced to slavery times and continued discrimination in the American South under Jim Crow. Blackness sociologist E. Franklin Frazier had introduced that thought in the 1930s, just Moynihan was considered one of the first academics to defy conventional social-scientific discipline wisdom almost the construction of poverty. As he wrote later on, "The work began in the almost orthodox setting, the Usa Department of Labor, to institute at some level of statistical conciseness what 'anybody knew': that economical atmospheric condition determine social weather. Whereupon, it turned out that what everyone knew was apparently not so."[1] The report concluded that the loftier rate of families headed by single mothers would greatly hinder progress of blacks toward economic and political equality. The Moynihan Written report was criticized past liberals at the time of publication, and its conclusions remain controversial.

Background [edit]

While writing The Negro Family: The Instance For National Action, Moynihan was employed in a political appointee position at the US Department of Labor, hired to help develop policy for the Johnson assistants in its State of war on Poverty. In the form of analyzing statistics related to blackness poverty, Moynihan noticed something unusual:[2] Rates of blackness male unemployment and welfare enrollment, instead of running parallel as they e'er had, started to diverge in 1962 in a mode that would come to be called "Moynihan's scissors."[3]

When Moynihan published his report in 1965, the out-of-union birthrate among blacks was 25 percent, much higher than that of whites.[4]

Contents [edit]

In the introduction to his report, Moynihan said that "the gap betwixt the Negro and most other groups in American lodge is widening."[5] He also said that the collapse of the nuclear family unit in the black lower grade would preserve the gap between possibilities for Negroes and other groups and favor other indigenous groups. He acknowledged the connected beingness of racism and discrimination within society, despite the victories that blacks had won past ceremonious rights legislation.[5]

Moynihan ended, "The steady expansion of welfare programs tin can be taken as a measure of the steady disintegration of the Negro family unit structure over the by generation in the United States."[vi]

More than 30 years later, S. Craig Watkins described Moynihan's conclusions: Representing: Hip Hop Civilization and the Production of Black Movie house (1998):

The report concluded that the structure of family life in the black customs constituted a 'tangle of pathology... capable of perpetuating itself without help from the white world,' and that 'at the eye of the deterioration of the cloth of Negro society is the deterioration of the Negro family. Information technology is the fundamental source of the weakness of the Negro community at the nowadays fourth dimension.' Also, the report argued that the matriarchal construction of blackness civilisation weakened the ability of black men to role as authority figures. That particular notion of black familial life has become a widespread, if not dominant, paradigm for comprehending the social and economic disintegration of late 20th-century black urban life.[7]

Influence [edit]

The Moynihan Written report generated considerable controversy and has had long-lasting and important influence. Writing to Lyndon Johnson, Moynihan argued that without access to jobs and the means to contribute meaningful support to a family, black men would become systematically alienated from their roles as husbands and fathers, which would cause rates of divorce, child abandonment and out-of-wedlock births to skyrocket in the black community (a trend that had already begun by the mid-1960s), leading to vast increases in the numbers of households headed past females.[ citation needed ]

Moynihan made a contemporaneous argument for programs for jobs, vocational training, and educational programs for the blackness community. Modernistic scholars of the 21st century, including Douglas Massey, believe that the report was one of the more than influential in the structure of the State of war on Poverty.[ citation needed ]

In 2009 historian Sam Tanenhaus wrote that Moynihan's fights with the New Left over the report were a signal that Corking Society liberalism had political challengers both from the right and from the left.[8]

Reception and post-obit debate [edit]

From the time of its publication, the study has been sharply attacked past black and civil rights leaders as examples of white patronizing, cultural bias, or racism. At various times, the report has been condemned or dismissed by the NAACP and other civil rights groups and leaders such every bit Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton. Critics defendant Moynihan of relying on stereotypes of the blackness family unit and blackness men, implying that blacks had junior academic performance, portrayed criminal offence and pathology as endemic to the blackness community and failing to recognize that cultural bias and racism in standardized tests had contributed to apparent lower achievement by blacks in school.[9] The report was criticized for threatening to undermine the place of ceremonious rights on the national calendar, leaving "a vacuum that could exist filled with a politics that blamed Blacks for their own troubles."[10]

In 1987, Hortense Spillers, a blackness feminist academic, criticized the Moynihan Report on semantic grounds for its use of "matriarchy" and "patriarchy" when he described the African-American family. She argues that the terminology used to ascertain white families cannot be used to define African-American families because of the manner slavery has affected the African-American family unit.[eleven]

Scholar Roderick Ferguson traced the furnishings of the Moynihan Study in his book Aberrations in Blackness, noting that black nationalists disagreed with the study's suggestion that the state provide blackness men with masculinity, merely agreed that men needed to take dorsum the office of the patriarch. Ferguson argued that the Moynihan Written report generated hegemonic discourses about minority communities and nationalist sentiments in the Blackness customs.[12] Ferguson uses the soapbox of the Moynihan Report to inform his Queer of Color Critique, which attempts to resist national discourse while acknowledging a simultaneity of oppression through coalition building.

African-American libertarian economist and writer Walter East. Williams has praised the report for its findings. He has likewise said, "The solutions to the major problems that confront many blackness people won't be plant in the political arena, specially non in Washington or land capitols."[six] Thomas Sowell, an African-American libertarian economist also, has also praised the Moynihan Report on several occasions. His 1982 book Race and Economics mentions Moynihan'due south report, and in 1998 he asserted that the study "may take been the last honest government report on race."[13] In 2015 Sowell argued that time had proved right Moynihan's core idea that African-American poverty was less a issue of racism and more a result of single-parent families: "One key fact that keeps getting ignored is that the poverty charge per unit among black married couples has been in unmarried digits every year since 1994."[fourteen]

Political commentator Heather MacDonald wrote for National Review in 2008, "Conservatives of all stripes routinely praise Daniel Patrick Moynihan's prescience for warning in 1965 that the breakdown of the black family threatened the achievement of racial equality. They rightly blast those liberals who denounced Moynihan's report."[15]

Sociologist Stephen Steinberg argued in 2011 that the Moynihan report was condemned "because it threatened to derail the Black liberation motion."[10]

Attempting to divert responsibility [edit]

Psychologist William Ryan coined the phrase "blaming the victim" in his 1971 book Blaming the Victim,[16] specifically as a critique of the Moynihan study. He said that it was an endeavour to divert responsibility for poverty from social structural factors to the behaviors and cultural patterns of the poor.[17]

Feminist critique [edit]

Feminists contend the Moynihan Report presents a "male-axial" view of social problems. They believe that Moynihan failed to accept into account basic rational incentives for matrimony. He did not acknowledge that women had historically engaged in marriage in part out of need for material resources, as adequate wages were otherwise denied past cultural traditions excluding women from well-nigh jobs outside the habitation. With the expansion of welfare in the Usa in the mid to late 20th century, women gained ameliorate access to regime resource intended to reduce family and child poverty.[18] Women also increasingly gained access to the workplace.[19] Every bit a result, more women were able to subsist independently when men had difficulty finding work.[xx] [21]

Counter-response [edit]

Declaring Moynihan "prophetic," Ken Auletta, in his 1982 The Underclass, proclaimed that "1 cannot talk about poverty in America, or virtually the underclass, without talking about the weakening family structure of the poor." Both the Baltimore Dominicus and the New York Times ran a serial on the black family in 1983, followed by a 1985 Newsweek article called "Moynihan: I Told You So." In 1986, CBS aired the documentary The Vanishing Family unit, hosted by Bill Moyers, a onetime adjutant to President Johnson, which affirmed Moynihan's findings.[iii]

In a 2001 interview with PBS, Moynihan said:

"My view is nosotros had stumbled onto a major social change in the circumstances of post-modern society. It was not long ago in this past century that an anthropologist working in London – a very famous man at the time, Malinowski – postulated what he called the first rule of anthropology: That in all known societies, all male children have an acknowledged male parent. That's what we establish out everywhere.... And well, perhaps information technology'south not true anymore. Human societies modify."[39]

By the time of that interview, rates of the number of children born to single mothers had gone upwards in the white and Hispanic working classes every bit well. In November 2016, the Current Population Survey of the Us Census Bureau reported that 69 percentage of children under the age of 18 lived with two parents, which was a decline from 88 pct in 1960, while the percentage of U.Southward. children nether 18 living with one parent increased from 9 percentage (8 percent with mothers, ane percent with fathers) to 27 percent (23 percentage with mothers, 4 percentage with fathers).[40]

Come across besides [edit]

  • African-American family structure
  • Blackness matriarchy
  • Fragile Families and Kid Wellbeing Written report
  • Is Marriage for White People?
  • William Julius Wilson

References [edit]

  1. ^ Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1996). Miles to Become: A Personal History of Social Policy . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 170. ISBN978-0-67457-441-0.
  2. ^ Social Disruptions Ben Wattenberg, in The Outset Measured Century (PBS)
  3. ^ a b Kay Due south. Hymowitz, "The Black Family: twoscore Years of Lies", City Journal
  4. ^ Daniel P. Moynihan, The Negro Family: The Case for National Activity, Washington, D.C., Office of Policy Planning and Research, US Department of Labor, 1965.
  5. ^ a b Moynihan, Daniel. "The Negro Family unit: The Instance For National Action". Usa Section of Labor. Archived from the original on Apr 28, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
  6. ^ a b Walter E. Williams (November 15, 2006). "How much does politics count?". Creators Syndicate. Archived from the original on October 22, 2007.
  7. ^ S. Craig Watkins, Representing: Hip Hop Civilization and the Production of Blackness Movie house,, pp. 218–219
  8. ^ Tanenhaus, Sam (September one, 2009). The Death of Conservatism . Random Business firm Publishing Grouping. pp. 71–72. ISBN9781588369482 . Retrieved October eighteen, 2013.
  9. ^ Patterson, Freedom Is Not Enough: The Moynihan Report and America's Struggle Over Black Family Life From LBJ to Obama (2010).
  10. ^ a b Stephen Steinberg, "Poor Reason - Culture still doesn't explain poverty", Boston Review, January xiii, 2011.
  11. ^ Spillers, Hortense. "Mama's Babe, Papa's Peradventure: An American Grammar Book", Diacritics 17.ii (1987): 64–81, JSTOR 464747.
  12. ^ Ferguson, Roderick. Aberrations in Blackness.
  13. ^ Sowell, Thomas (Nov 23, 1998). "Random thoughts". Jewish Globe Review. Creators Syndicate. Archived from the original on April 20, 1999. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  14. ^ Sowell, Thomas (May v, 2015). "Race, Politics and Lies". Creators Syndicate. Archived from the original on May 7, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  15. ^ Heather MacDonald (April 14, 2008). "The Hispanic Family: The Case for National Action". National Review. Archived from the original on May 14, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  16. ^ George Kent (2003). "Blaming the Victim, Globally". UN Chronicle Online. United nations Department of Public Data. Forty (3). Archived from the original on December 24, 2003.
  17. ^ Ryan, William (1976). Blaming the Victim . Vintage. ISBN0-394-72226-4.
  18. ^ Jill Quadagno (1994). The Color of Welfare . Oxford University Printing. pp. 119–120.
  19. ^ Esping-Andersen, Gosta (2009). The Incomplete Revolution. Polity Press. pp. xx–25.
  20. ^ Fuchs, V. (1988). Women'south Quest for Economic Equality . Harvard University Printing.
  21. ^ McLanahan, S. and 50. Casper, "Growing diversity and inequality in the American family", in R. Farley (ed.), Land of the Union: America in the 1990s, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995, pp. 1–45.
  22. ^ Grove, Robert D.; Hetzel, Alice M. (1968). Vital Statistics Rates in the United States 1940-1960 (PDF) (Written report). Public Wellness Service Publication. Vol. 1677. Usa Department of Wellness, Education, and Welfare, The states Public Health Service, National Center for Health Statistics. p. 185.
  23. ^ Ventura, Stephanie J.; Bachrach, Christine A. (Oct 18, 2000). Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States, 1940-99 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 48.16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Middle for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. pp. 28–31.
  24. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady Eastward.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Park, Melissa K. (February 12, 2002). Births: Final Data for 2000 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 50.5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organization. p. 46.
  25. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady Eastward.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Park, Melissa M.; Sutton, Paul D. (December 18, 2002). Births: Final Data for 2001 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 51.2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 47.
  26. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady Due east.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Munson, Martha L. (December 17, 2003). Births: Concluding Data for 2002 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 52.ten. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Heart for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 57.
  27. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Munson, Martha Fifty. (September 8, 2005). Births: Concluding Data for 2003 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 54.2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Arrangement. p. 52.
  28. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon (September 29, 2006). Births: Concluding Data for 2004 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 55.1. Centers for Illness Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organization. p. 57.
  29. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Munson, Martha 50. (December 5, 2007). Births: Last Data for 2005 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 56.vi. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 57.
  30. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Mathews, T.J. (January seven, 2009). Births: Last Data for 2006 (PDF) (Written report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 57.vii. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Center for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 54.
  31. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady Eastward.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Mathews, T.J.; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Osterman, Michelle J.K. (Baronial 9, 2010). Births: Last Data for 2007 (PDF) (Written report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 58.24. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 46.
  32. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady Eastward.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Mathews, T.J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K. (December 8, 2010). Births: Concluding Data for 2008 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 59.i. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Middle for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 46.
  33. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Mathews, T.J.; Wilson, Elizabeth C. (November iii, 2011). Births: Final Data for 2009 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 60.1. Centers for Affliction Command and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 46.
  34. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.G.; Wilson, Elizabeth C.; Mathews, T.J. (August 28, 2012). Births: Final Data for 2010 (PDF) (Written report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 61.1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Centre for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 45.
  35. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady East.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.One thousand.; Mathews, T.J. (June 28, 2013). Births: Concluding Data for 2011 (PDF) (Written report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 62.i. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Middle for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 43.
  36. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C. (December 30, 2013). Births: Concluding Data for 2012 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 62.9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 41.
  37. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Emerge C.; Mathews, T.J. (Jan xv, 2015). Births: Last Data for 2013 (PDF) (Written report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 64.1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics Arrangement. p. twoscore.
  38. ^ Hamilton, Brady East.; Martin, Joyce A.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C.; Mathews, T.J. (December 23, 2015). Births: Final Data for 2014 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 64.12. Centers for Illness Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Arrangement. pp. 7 & 41.
  39. ^ "Daniel Patrick Moynihan Interview". PBS.
  40. ^ "The Majority of Children Live With Two Parents, Census Bureau Reports". United States Demography Bureau. Nov 17, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2021.

Further reading [edit]

  • Averbeck, Robin Marie. (2015) "The Good Old Liberals," Jacobin Magazine, recounts critiques of the Moynihan Report past Ceremonious Rights leaders and provides a Left response to recurring 'nostalgia' for Moynihan in the printing.
  • Ferguson, Roderick A. (2004) Aberrations in Black: Toward a Queer of Color Critique University of Minnesota Printing. In affiliate iv, Ferguson analyzes the Moynihan Report every bit a coalition of sociological canons, black nationalism, the civil rights motility, neoconservative resentment, and neo-racist tendencies to initiate a tendency that sought to reaffirm heteropatriarchal normativity
  • Hymowitz, Kay S. (Summer 2005) "The Black Family unit: 40 Years of Lies"," City Journal, argues that early rejection of the Moynihan Written report caused untold, needless misery in inner city communities.
  • Geary, Daniel. "Racial Liberalism, the Moynihan Report, and the Daedalus Projection on 'The Negro American'," Daedalus, 140 (Winter 2011), 53–66.
  • Geary, Daniel. Beyond Ceremonious Rights: The Moynihan Report and Its Legacy (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015).
  • Geary, Daniel. " 'Racial self-help' or 'Blaming the Victim' ", Salon, 19 July 2015
  • Klass, Gary, Book review of William Ryan's Blaming the Victim (1976): [one], 1995
  • Kristol, Irving (Baronial 1971). "The Best of Intentions, the Worst of Results", The Atlantic, discusses Moynihan and his critics
  • Massey, Douglas S., and Robert J. Sampson, "Moynihan Redux: Legacies and Lessons", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 621 (Jan. 2009), 6–27.
  • Patterson, James T. Freedom Is Not Enough: The Moynihan Report and America's Struggle Over Black Family Life From LBJ to Obama (Bones Books; 2010)
  • Wilson, William Julius, "The Moynihan Report and Research on the Blackness Community", Annals of the American University of Political and Social Science, 621 (January. 2009), 34–46.

External links [edit]

  • Office of Policy Planning and Research, The states Department of Labor (March 1965) "The Negro Family: The Case For National Action" – Moynihan Report, hosted by Department of Labor, 1965

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Negro_Family:_The_Case_For_National_Action

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